Breaking Knowledge: General Awareness India

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08 March 2016

First in India updated

Following are first in India happenings

First in Science and Technology

25 February 2016

Important Industry of India in brief

Important industries of India
1.Iron and steel industry
◦First steel industry at Kulti, Near Jharia, West Bengal - Bengal iron works company in 1870
◦First large scale steal plant TISCO at Jamshedpur in 1907 followed by IISCO at Burnpur in 1919. Both belonged to private sector
◦The first public sector unit was "Vishveshvaraya Iron and Stell works" at Bhadrawati
2.Public sector steel plants
◦Russian government -
Location : : Assistance
Rourkela(Orrisa) : : Germany
Bhilai(MP) : : Russian government
Durgapur(WB) : : British government
Bokaro(Jharkhand)
Burnpur(WB) : : Acquired from private sector in 1976
Vishakhapattnam(AP) : : Russian government
Salem(Tamil Nadu) -
Vijai Nagar : : (Karnataka)
Bhadrawati(Karnataka) : : Nationalisation of Vishveshvarayya Iron and Steel Ltd(owned by Central and State government)
◦All these are managed by SAIL(at present all important steel plants except TISCO, are under public sector)
◦Steel authority of India Ltd(SAIL) was established in 1974 and was made responsible for the development of the steel industry

◦Presently India is the eighth largest steel producing country in the world.
3.Jute industry
◦Jute industry is an important industry for a country like India, because not only it earns foreign exchange but also provides substantial employment opportunities in agriculture and industrial sectors
◦Its first modernised industrial unit was established at Reshra in West Bengal in 1855
◦The jute industry in the country is traditionally export oriented. India ranks number one in the raw jute and juite goods production and number two in export of jute goods in the world.
4.Cotton and textile industry
◦Oldest industry of India, and employees largest number of workers
◦It is the largest organised and broad-based industry which accounts for 4% of GDP, 20% of manufacturing value-added and one third of total export earnings.
◦The first Indian modernised cotton cloth mill was established in 1818 at Fort Gloaster near Calcutta but this mill was not successful. The second mill named "Mumbai's spinning and weaving Co." Was established in 1854 at Bombay by KGN Daber.
5.Sugar industry
◦Sugar industry is the second largest industry after cotton textile industry among agriculture-based industries in India.
◦India is now the largest producer and consumer of sugar in the world. Maharashtra contributes over one third of the total sugar output, followed closely by Uttar Pradesh.
6.Fertiliser industry
◦India is the third largest producer of nitrogenous fertilisers in the world
7.Paper industry
◦The first mechanised paper mill was set up in 1812 at Serampur in West Bengal.
◦The paper industry in India is ranked among the 15 top global paper industries.
8.Silk industry
◦India is the second-largest(first being China) country in the world in producing natural silk. At present, India produces about 16% silk of the world.
◦India and joys that distinction of being the only country producing all the five known commercial varieties of silk viz Mulberry, Tropical Tussar, Oak Tussar, Eri and Muga.
9.Petroleum and natural gas
◦First successful Oilwell was dug in India in 1889 at Digboi, Assam.
◦At present a number of regions having oil reserves have been identified and oil is being extracted in these regions
◦For exploration purpose , Oil and Natural Gas Commission (ONGC) was established in 1956 at Dehradun, Uttarakhand

Indian Five Year Plans at a Glance

Five Year Plans

First plan(1951 to 56)

•It was based on Harrod-Damor model
•Community development programme was launched in 1952
•Emphasised technical, price stability, power and transport
•It was more than a success, because of good are blessed in the last two years

Second plan(1956 to 61)

•Also called Mahalanobis plan after its chief architect.
•Its objective was rapid industrialisation
•Advocated use imports which led to emptying of funds leading to foreign loans. It shifted basic emphasis from agriculture to industry far too soon. During this plan, price level increased by 30% against a decline of 13% during the first plan

Third plan(1961 to 66)

•At its conception time, it was felt that Indian economy has entered it takeoff stage. Therefore, a was to make India a self reliant and self generating economy.
•Also, it was realised from the experience of first two planes that agriculture could be given the top priority to suffice the requirements of export and industry.
•Complete failure due to unforeseen misfortunes viz. Chinese aggression(1962), Indo Pak war (1962) , Indo Pak war (1965 ), Seve rest drought to 100 years (1965 to 66)

Three annual plans(1966 to 69) •Plan holiday for three years. The prevailing crisis in agriculture and serious food shortage necessitated the emphasis on agriculture during the annual plans.
•During these plans a whole new agriculture strategy involving widespread of distribution of highly-yielding varieties of seeds, the extensive use of fertilisers, exploitation of irrigation potential and soil conservation was put into action to tide over the crisis in agriculture production.
•During the annual plans, the economy basically absorbed the shocks given during the third plan, making way for a planned growth

Fourth plan(1969 to 74)

•Main emphasis on agriculture's growth rate so that chain reaction can start
•Fared well in the first two years with record production, last three years failure cause of poor monsoon.
•Had to tackle the influx of Bangladeshi refugees before and after 1971 Indo Pak war

Fifth plan (1974 to 79 )

•The fifth plan repaired and launched by D.D Dhar proposed to achieve two main objectives viz removal of poverty(Garibi Hatao) and attainment of self reliance, through promotion of high rate, better distribution of income and a very significant growth in the domestic rate of saving.
•The plan was terminated in 1978 (instead of 1979 ) when Janta government came to the power.

Rolling plan(1978 to 80) •there were two sixth plans. One by Genta government.(For 78 to 73) which was in operation for two years only and the other by Congress government when it returned to power in 1980
•The Janata government plan is also called Rolling plan

Sixth plan(1980 to 85)

•Objectives: Increase in national income, modernisation of technology, ensuring continuous decrease in poverty and unemployment, population control through family planning etc.

Seventh plan(1985 to 90)

•The seventh plan emphasized policies and programmes which aimed at rapid growth in food grains production, increased employment opportunities and productivity within the framework of basic tenants of planning.
•It was a great success, the economy recorded 6% growth rate against the targeted 5%

Eighth plan(1992 to 97)

•The eighth plan was postponed by two years because of political upheavals at the Centre and it was launched after a worsening balance of payment position and inflation during 1990-91
•The plan undertook various drastic policy measures to combat the bad economic situation and to undertake an annual average growth of 5.6%
•some of the main economic performance during eighth plan period were rapid economic growth, high growth in exports and imports, improvement in trade and current account deficit.

Ninth plan(1997 to 2002)

•It was developed in the context of four important dimensions: quality of life, generation of productive employment, a regional balance and self-reliance.

Tenth plan (2002 to 2007)

•Its objectives included achieving the growth rate of 8%, reduction of poverty ratio to 20% by 2007 and 210% by 2012, universal access to primary education by 2007, increase in literacy rate to 72% within the plan period and to 80% by 2012

Eleventh plan(2007 to 2012)

•Accelerate growth rate of GDP from 8% to 10% and then maintain at 10% in the 12th plan in order to double per capita income by 2016-17
•Increase agricultural GDP growth rate of 4% per year to ensure a broader spread of benefits.
•Reduce drop out rates of children from elementary school from 52.2% in 2003-04 to 20% by 2011-12
•Increase the literacy rate for persons of faith seven years or more to 85%
•reduce infant mortality rate(MR) 28 and maternal mortality ratio(MMR) to 1 part 1000 live births.
•raise the sex ratio for age group 0-6 to 935 by 2011-12 and to 950 by 2016-17
•Ensure electricity connection to all village and BPL households by 2009 and the round-the-clock power by the end of the plan
•increase forest and free cover by the five percentage points

Twelvth plan(2012 to 2017)

•The government intends to reduce poverty by 10 per cent during the 12th Five-Year Plan.

Achievments

Plan : : Target : : Actual
First Plan(1951-56) : : 2.9% : : 3.6%
Second Plan(1956-61) : : 4.5% : : 4.3%
Third Plan(1961-66) : : 5.6% : : 2.8%
Fourth Plan(1969-74) : : 5.7% : : 3.3%
Fifth Plan(1974-79) : : 4.4% : : 4.8%
Sixth Plan(1980-85) : : 5.2% : : 6.0%
Seventh Plan(1985-90) : : 5.0% : : 6.0%
Eighth Plan(1992-97) : : 5.6% : : 6.8%
Ninth Plan(1997-2002) : : 6.5% : : 5.4%
Tenth Plan(2002-2007) : : 8.0%
Eleventh Plan(2007-2012) : : 9.0%

Website of Planning Commission of india
http://planningcommission.gov.in

Indian Economics Facts at a Glance

Economy of India
Indian Economy is Twelfth largest in the world and fourth largest by purchasing power parity. In the 21st century, India is an emerging economic power having vast human and natural resources.
Economic Growth: Economic growth has been defined as "an increase in real terms of the output of goods and services that is sustained over a long period of time, measured in terms of value added". Economic growth is a dynamic concept and refers to continuous increase in output.
Factors in Economic Growth: The four factors contributing to growth are
1.human resources (labour supply, education, discipline, motivation)
2.national resources (land, minerals, fuels, environmental quality)
3.capital formation (machines, factories, roads)
4.technology (science, engineering, management, entrepreneurship)

Growth and Development
While the term economic growth referees to increases over time in a country's real output of goods and services i.e. product per capita, the term economic development, in contrast, is more comprehensive. It implies progressive changes in the socio-economic structure. Economic growth and development frequently used interchangeably in economic literatures actually are not identical technically.
Difference Between Economic Growth and Economic Development
Economic Growth Economic Development
1.It indicates quantitative improvement in the economic progress of a country
2.It shows growth in natural income and per capita income over time
3.A country may grow but it may not develop
1.It indicates qualitative improvement in the economic progress of a country
2.It shows not only a sustained increase in national and per capita income but also qualitative changes which leads to higher standard of living.
3.Economic development includes the notion of economic growth.

Economic Growth = Size of output (A Quantitative aspect)
Economic Development = Size of output + Welfare (A Qualitative aspect)

Gross National Happiness (GNH) : The concept of gross national happiness has been introduced by king of Bhutan, Jigme Singya Wang Chuck, a tiny kingdom on the northern borders of India. The GNH aims to ensure that prosperity is shared across protecting the environment and maintaining a responsive the word happiness, more like what the signers of the Declaration of Independence had in mind when they included the "pursuit of happiness" as an inalienable right equal to liberty and life itself. The index is designed to challenge the well-established indices of countries development. HDI and GDP which are seen as not taking sustainability into account.

GNH Ranking
Ranking Country : : HPI
1 Vanuatu : : 68.21
2 Colombia : : 67.24
3 Costa Rica : : 66.00
4 Dominica : : 64.55
5 Panama : : 63.54
6 Cuba : : 61.86
7 Honduras : : 61.75
8 Guatemala : : 61.69
9 El Salvador : : 61.66
10 St. Vincent of the Grenading : : 61.37
90 India : : 42.46
India is the 90th happiest country in the world, behind Bhutan(13), China(31), Sri Lanka(13) and Bangladesh(41). It is ahead of Pakistan(112) and Russia(172).
Seven of the top 10 happiest countries are from western democracies, while countries in Asia, known for their strong cultural values, family ties and collective identities surprisingly scored low-China(31), Japan(95) and Thailand(32)

Millennium Development Goals to be Achieved by 2015
◾Achieve universal primary education
◾Reduce child mortality
◾Improve maternal health
◾Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other diseases
◾Ensure environmental sustainability
◾Develop a global patnership for development
◾Eliminate gender disparities in primary and secondary education, preferably by 2005, and in all levels of education by 2015
◾Halve the proportion of the people suffering from Hunger

◾Five Years Plans

◾Poverty and Employement/Green Revolutions

◾Important Industries of India

Indian Economic Revolution
Poverty and unemployment
•Poverty line is defined on the basis of nutritional standards. The list calorie intake is fixed at 2400 Cal/person/day for rural area and 2100 Cal/person/day for urban area. The people below these nutritional is an income standards are considered to be below the poverty line(BPL).
•Presently 24.4% population in India is below poverty line. It is 24.36% in ruler India and 24.50% in urban areas. National Sample survey Organisation(NSSO) conducts this survey.
•Unemployment simply means a situation when able and willing people are not getting jobs as per their own capabilities Green Revolution
•Indian Green Revolution is associated with the use of HYVS(highly yielding variety seeds), chemical fertilisers and new technology which led to a sharp rise in agriculture production during the middle of 1960. •The term "Green Revolution" was given by American scientists, Dr William Gande.
•During the middle of 60s, Indian agriculture scientist developed a number of new highly yielding varieties of wheat by processing wheat seeds imported from Mexico. A similar improvement in variety of rice was also observed.
•The credit of this goes not only to Nobel Laureate Dr. Norman Borlaug, but also to Dr MS Swaminathan Revolution Area Yellow revolution oil seeds White revolution milk Blue Revolution Fish Pink revolution Shrimp/Meat Brown Revolution nonconventional energy resources Grey revolution wool Golden Revolution horticulture
Revolution : : Area
Yellow revolution : : Oil Seeds
White revolution : : Milk
Blue Revolution : : Fish
Pink revolution : : Shrimp/Meat
Brown Revolution : : Nonconventional Energy Resources
Grey revolution : : Wool
Golden Revolution : : Horticulture

22 February 2016

Dances In India at a Glance

Dances in India
Dance in India has an unbroken tradition of over 2,000 years. Its themes are derived from mythology, legends and classical literature, two main divisions being classical and folk. Classical dance forms are based on ancient dance discipline and have rigid rules of presentation. Important among them are Bharat Natyam, Khathakali, Kathak, Manipur, Kuchipudi and Odissi.

Bharata Natyam
This dance derives its roots from Tamil Nadu and has developed into all over in India.

Kathakali
It’s a dance from Kerala

Kathak
It is a classical dance from revitalised as a result of the fusion of Mughal influence with Indian culture

Manipuri
This dance has contributed to delicate, lyrical style of dance called Manipuri.

Kuchipudi
It is a dance having origin from Andhra Pradesh

Odissi
This dance is from Orrisa, once practised as a temple dance, is today widely exhibited by artistes across the country

Folk and tribal dances are of numerous patterns: Both classical and folk dances owe their present popularity to institutions like Sangeet Natak Akademi and other training institutes and cultural organisations. The Akademi gives financial assistance to cultural institutions and awards fellowships to scholars, performs and teachers to promote advanced study and training in different forms of dance and music especially those which are rare

Various Tribal Dances In India
Following are the various tribal dances in India from different states

Dance : : State
Ankia Nat : : Assam
Bahaka wata : : Orrisa
Bhangra : : Punjab
Bhavai : : Gujarat, Rajasthan
Bihu : : Assam
Chakiarkoothu : : Kerala
Chakri : : Jammu & Kashmir
Chamar Ginad : : Rajasthan
Chappeli : : Uttar Pradesh
Chhau : : West Bengal
Chavittu natkam : : Kerala
Chiraw (Bamboo dance) : : Mizoram
Dahikala : : Maharashtra
Dandanate : : Orrisa
Damdiya ras : : Gujarat
Gangore : : Rajasthan
Garba : : Gujarat
Gidda : : Punjab
Gidda parhaun : : Himachal Pradesh
Hikat : : Jammu & Kashmir
Jat- Jatin : : Bihar
Jatra : : West Bengal
Jhulan Leela : : Rajasthan
Kaikotti Kalli : : Kerala
Kummi : : Tamil Nadu
Kajri : : Uttar Pradesh
Kayanga : : Himachal Pradesh
Karan : : Uttar Pradesh
Kathi : : West Bengal
Kayanga Bajavanga : : Rajasthan
Khayal : : Rajasthan
Kokattam : : Tamil Nadu
Koodiyattam : : Kerala
Kottam : : Andhra Pradesh
Krishnanathani : : Kerala
Kumanon : : Uttar Pradesh
Lai Haroba : : Manipur
Lavani : : Maharashtra
Lezim : : Maharashtra
Lota : : Madhya Pradesh
Luddi : : Himachal Pradesh
Macha : : Madhya Pradesh
Maha Rassa : : Manipur
Mudivettu : : Kerala
Munzra : : Himachal Pradesh
Nautanki : : Uttar Pradesh
Ojapali : : Assam
Pandvani : : Madhya Pradesh
Rasila : : Gujarat
Rauf : : Jammu & Kashmir
Swang : : Haryana
Tamasha : : Maharashtra
Tappatrikali : : Kerala
Therukoothu : : Tamil Nadu
Theyyam : : Kerala
Tippani : ; Gujarat
Veethi Bhagavata : : Andhra Pradesh
Last Updated: 06 March 2016

20 February 2016

Constitution of India at a Glance

Constitution of India and Polity
The present constitution of India was framed by the Constitution Assembly of India setup under Cabinet Mission Plan of May 16, 1946.

Composition of Constituent Assembly

The Indian Constitution Preamble

Borrowed features of constitution from different countries

Schedules in Constitution of India

STATES IN INDIA CREATED AFTER 1950

FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS IN INDIA

PRESIDENT OF INDIA

VICE PRESIDENT OF INDIA

PRIME MINISTER OF INDIA

Last Updated: 30 May 2016

18 February 2016

Indian Defense at a Glance

Indian Defense
•The President of India is the supreme commander of the Indian defence system
•The whole administrative control of the Armed forces lies in the Ministry of Defence
•The Defence Minister (Raksha Mantri) is responsible to Parliament for all matters concerning defence of the country.
•Indian defence system has been divided into three services-
1.Army
2.Navy
3.Air Force